The best replacement for removed is second cousin.

The best alternatives to removed are rated as following:
★★★★★  second cousin
★★★★  deported
★  disabled
★  down to earth
★  healed
★  2nd cousins
★  2nd cousin
★  second cousins
  erased
  deleted
  cousin

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Speaking about removed, one probably shouldn't forget about hysterectomy.

Other search terms related to removed and their ratings are:
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removed
second cousin
deported